Thousands of years of a biography of the Prophet (peace be upon him)

Who has written the most biographies as a single person, has there ever been a survey on this? If the name of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) will be above. In the last one and a half thousand years, innumerable writers, social leaders, academics, warriors, researchers, statesmen, and even his opponents have praised him. He accepted him as a great man without accepting the religion he preached. He spoke of the need for leadership like his in the world’s worst times. They have written innumerable specialized research books from biographies in Attapur. The same man, the same life, the same story — born in the Quraish family of Mecca, the title of Al-Amin, trade-in Syria, meditation on Mount Hera, the invitation to Mecca, the wounds of Taif, the migration to Medina, the Battle of Badr, the Ascension from Baitul Muqaddas, Hajj. The same thing has been going on in the air for centuries, yet it seems endless,

Before the introduction of biography: The first source to know the Prophet (peace be upon him) is the Qur’an. For example, after asking his wife Ayesha (ra) about him, he said that the Qur’an is his character. (Imam Bukhari, Al Adab Al Mufrad, Hadith: 306). Throughout the Qur’an, various circumstances of the Prophet’s life have cast a shadow. His conversations with the Quraish of Makkah, various aspects of the war, or the innocence of the Prophet’s wife are discussed in the light of the events of that time. Fragments of his life have been narrated in various hadiths and isolated collections of hadiths related to the ancient commentary of the Qur’an and the context of the revelation of the Qur’an. Scattered fragments of the new life are scattered in the bases and elements of the history written in the past. But a series of biographies about him emerged at least 50 years after his death. Because Nabiji himself was in front of them then. Even those who have never seen him far or near should have the opportunity to see him at least once, So he announced the farewell Hajj long ago. After his death, the next generation also came in contact with a large group of Companions, whose daily worship and activities were carried out in accordance with the ideals of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Then as the distance of time increases, the curiosity to know about Nabiji increases. The abundance of this question paves the way for the writing of the life story of the Prophet. Did he know about the great desire to see and know the Prophet in the next generation? As he said, ‘After you will come in the ummah so many people who love me, who will want to see me even if it is in exchange for their wealth and family.’ (Muslim, Sahih, Hadith: 2632). So the living Companions began to narrate the story of the Prophet, sometimes briefly, sometimes in detail, and sometimes in part. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. Never partial again. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. Never partial again. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. Never partial again. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. Never partial again. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. ) Was implemented in accordance with the norm. Then as the distance of time increases, the curiosity to know about Nabiji increases. The abundance of this question paves the way for the writing of the life story of the Prophet. Did he also know about the strong desire to see and know the Prophet in the next generation? As he said, ‘After you will come in the ummah so many people who love me, who will want to see me even if it is in exchange for their wealth and family.’ (Muslim, Sahih, Hadith: 2632). So the living Companions began to narrate the story of the Prophet, sometimes briefly, sometimes in detail, and sometimes in part. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. ) Was implemented in accordance with the norm. Then as the distance of time increases, the curiosity to know about Nabiji increases. How he was আধ the excess of this question paves the way for the writing of the life story of the Prophet. Did he also know about the great desire to see and know the Prophet in the next generation? As he said, ‘After you will come in the ummah so many people who love me, who will want to see me even if it is in exchange for their wealth and family.’ (Muslim, Sahih, Hadith: 2632). So the living Companions began to narrate the story of the Prophet, sometimes briefly, sometimes in detail, and sometimes in part. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. ‘After you, there will come in the ummah so many people who love me, who will want to see me even if it is in exchange for their wealth and family.’ (Muslim, Sahih, Hadith: 2632). So the living Companions began to narrate the story of the Prophet, sometimes briefly, sometimes in detail, and sometimes in part. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore. ‘After you, there will be people in the ummah who love me so much that they will want to see me even if it is in exchange for their wealth.’ (Muslim, Sahih, Hadith: 2632). So the living Companions began to narrate the story of the Prophet, sometimes briefly, sometimes in detail, and sometimes in part. In this way, a series of biographies came to the fore.

The two arms of the biography: The biography of the Prophet (peace be upon him) has two main arms. One is ‘Sirat’; Also called ‘Siar’ and ‘Magaji’. Sirat means biography. The general type of biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) that we see, that is, the narrative of the sequence of events in his life from birth, is known as the Sirat, and such a book is generally called the Sirat. But there is another aspect — the description of the Prophet’s physical constitution, behavior and activities. It is called ‘Shamail’. The style of writing Samuel began a little later. The writers of Samuel at first tried to highlight the nature of the Prophet by discussing only his physical characteristics. Later on, in the form of a more elaborate form, the Prophet’s conduct, worship, humility and tenderness — thus all aspects of his personal life began to be mentioned. Famous books on Shamail are Imam Tirmidhi’s (d. 279 AH) ‘Shamail Tirimizi’, Imam Bagabir (d. 517 AH) ‘Al Anwar Fish Shamail’, Ibn Kathir’s (d. 74 AH).
Essays of the First Age: Who wrote the biography of the first Prophet (peace be upon him)? It is difficult to find his definite find at this time. A documentary on ‘Assiratun Nababiyah Fi Jawil Masadiril Asliya’ published by King Saud University of Saudi Arabia in 1092. Dr. In it, Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad mentions the names and compositions of the first three authors, emphasizing the opinion of the fourteenth-century Egyptian scholar Ibn Hazar al-Asqalani.

One. Sahl ibn Hasma (ra). He was born in the third Hijri. In Kaishar, he saw the Prophet (peace be upon him) and died during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah (41–60 AH). Various parts of his biography are found in the form of basic sources in the ninth century historical Balajuri’s Ansab, Ibn Saad’s Tabakat, Tabari’s Tarikhe Tabari and Wakidi’s various works.

In the early part of the last century, the German Orientalist Edward Sachau (d. 1930) collected the hadiths of Musa Ibn Uqba from the Government Archaeological Museum in Berlin at the end of the fourteenth century. Discovered a manuscript containing and published some selected parts in English. Through this, for the first time in modern times, the book sees the face of light.

Two. Saeed Ibn Saad Ibn Ubada Khajraji. His works are in Ibn Musbl and Abi-Iwana’s Musnad and Tabari’s Tarikhe Tabari.

Three. Abdullah bin Abbas (d. 8 AH). The famous commentator Sahabi. His works are found in various books of Hadith and Sirat. The biographies of the three of them are not available in book form and those works were not compiled together anywhere later.

They were followed by Urwa ibn Zubair (d. 92 AH), Saad ibn Musayyib Makhzumi (d. 94 AH), Abdullah ibn Kab ibn Malik (d. 98 AH) and Caliph Uthman (d. 96 AH). ) Son Aban bin Uthman (d. 105 AH), Wahab bin Munabbih (d. 110 AH), Ibn Shihab Zuhri (d. 120 AH), Shurahbil bin Saad (d. 123 AH) and Abdullah bin Abu Bakr Ibn Hazam (d. 135 AH). But with the exception of the works of Urwa, Wahab and Zuhri, all of them have been wiped out, only a fraction of which have survived scattered in various histories.

Urwa ibn Zubayr (ra) was the son of Asma, the eldest daughter of the Companion Abu Bakr (ra). He used to reply to letters asking for information about various events that took place during the time of the Umayyad Caliphs Abdul Malik Ibn Marwan and Al Walid. He is mentioned in many historical texts as the ‘first biographer’ of Muhammad (pbuh). India’s famous scholar. Muhammad Mustafa Azmi (d. 2016 AD) was able to retrieve only the last part of his booklet which is found in the narration of Abul Aswad Misri and ‘Magaji Rasulillah sa. Li-Urwah Ibn Zubayr’s B-Riwati was published in 1961 from Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) under the title ‘Abil Aswad’. A portion of Wahab Ibn Munabbihar’s work is now known to be preserved in Heidelberg, Germany. And Ibn Shihab Zuhri’s works were collected from various history books and made a manuscript of 2,000 pages.

The oldest complete biography : When it comes to the ancient Sirat, everyone knows Sirat Ibn Ishaq by Ibn Ishaq (d. 151 AH); On the basis of which Abdul Malik Ibn Hisham (d. 218 AH) wrote the popular Sirat book ‘Sirate Ibn Hisham’. However, at least a decade ago, Musa Ibn Uqbar (d. 141 AH) wrote the vast book of Al-Maghaji and it is still intact. According to a narration, Al-Maghaji of Mu’ammar Ibn Rashed (d. 151 AH) was also written before Sirat Ibn Ishaq and its copy is not rare. The antiquity is also clear from the differences in the lifetimes of the writers. Ibn Ishaq was born in 65 AH and died in 151 AH. And Musa ibn Uqbar was born in 8 AH and died in 141 AH. So in terms of existence, Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat is not — Musa Ibn Uqbar’s Al-Maghaji is the oldest complete Sirat.

In the early part of the last century, the German Orientalist Edward Sachau (d. 1930) collected the hadiths of Musa ibn Uqba from the Government Archaeological Museum in Berlin at the end of the fourteenth century. Discovered a manuscript containing and published some selected parts in English. Through this, for the first time in modern times, the book sees the face of light. Then Morocco Ibn Zuhr University teacher said. Abu Malik Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Bakish was able to retrieve the Arabic text by searching for various ancient manuscripts for a long time, then added the necessary annotations and arranged for printing in 1994 from the humanities faculty of the university.

Sahih As-Siratun Nawabiyah by Nasiruddin Albani (d. 1999) and As-Siratun Nawabiya by Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi (d. 2000), one of the most famous Arabic books in modern times; Which has been translated into many languages, its translation into Bengali has been published under the title ‘Nabiye Rahmat’.

The best composition of the next era: The first and second centuries of the Hijri were the first period of the writing of the Prophet’s life. The second era began in the third century. This is the golden age of prophetic biography and the best scholars in the history of Islam have written biographies and histories of great bodies before the dust of history hardened. The best work of the third century is Sirate Ibn Hisham, which has already been mentioned. The English version, translated from the Oxford University Press by Alfred Gilliam, a British orientalist, became popular in modern times in 1997. Several translations have also been published in Bengali. This is followed by the famous historian Muhammad ibn ‘Umar al-Waqidi’s (d. 347 AH)’ At-Tarikh wal Magaji ‘. The author is better known as ‘Wakidi’, He was born in Medina. However, Islamic scholars have raised ‘objections’ to various descriptions of his book. Historian Jarir Ibn Tabari’s (d. 310 AH) ‘At-Tarikh wal Umam’ and Ali Ibn Husain Masudi’s (d. 348 AH) ‘Muruju Az-Jahab’ were written in the 4th century AH, and Ibn Hazm’s (d. 310 AH). 456 AH) ‘Jawamius Sirah’, Abdur Rahman Suhaili Andalusi’s ‘Rawzul Unaf’ in the 6th century, died in the 7th century, Imam Nawabir (d. 6 AH) ‘Tahajibus Sirah an-Nabawiyah’ in the 8th century, The three most famous books are: Imam Jahabir (d. 648 AH) ‘Al-Maghaji’, Ibn al-Qayyim Jawzir (d. 751 AH) ‘Jadul Ma’ad’ and Ibn Kathir (d. 64 AH) ‘Al-Bidaya wan Nihaya. ‘ Among them, the book ‘Jadul Maad’ has been published in 8 volumes in Bengali by the Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. The two most famous sirat books of the ninth century AH are those of the historian Ahmad Ibn Ali Makriji (d. 845 AH). ) ‘Imtaul Asma Bima Lirarsuli Minar Abna’ and ‘Mukhtasarus Siyar’ by the eminent hadith scholar Ibn Hazar Askalani (d. 652 AH); In the tenth century, Shihabuddin Castalani (d. 923 AH) wrote ‘Al-Mawahibul Laduniya’, and in the eleventh century, Allama Burhanuddin Halabir (d. 1044 AH) wrote the famous book ‘Insanul Uyun fi Siratil Aminira Mamin’. More familiar.

Most of the works of this period were written in Arabic, although not all of the authors were Arabs. But since Arabic is the medium of writing and learning in the Muslim world, the authors have preferred Arabic.

Bizarre compositions of the modern era: The burden of finding a scholar in the history of Islam who has not written on the life of the Prophet. Some people’s writings have become so large in size that they have exceeded a few thousand pages. ‘Sirat Encyclopedia’ has been written in different countries. Some of them have written great books of poetry in Arabic on the life of the Prophet. Many praiseworthy poems have been written about the Prophet (peace be upon him) during his lifetime, but they were not in the form of biographies. Masud ibn Muhammad al-Fasi (d. 1119 AH) wrote the first biography in the 12th century. The name of the book is ‘Nafisud Durar Fee Akhbari Sayidil Bashar’. Then in the same way Ahmad Bukhari Dimayati (d. 1892) wrote ‘Saadatut Darain’ and Yusuf Ismail Nabhani (d. 1932) wrote ‘An-Nazmul Badi fi Mawlidishi Shafi’. Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam has written ‘Maruvaskar’ in Bengali. The book was first published in 1951. The Prophet (peace be upon him).

Sahih As-Siratun Nawabiyah by Nasiruddin Albani (d. 1999) and As-Siratun Nawabiya by Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi (d. 2000), one of the most famous Arabic books in modern times; Which has been translated into many languages, its translation into Bengali has been published under the title ‘Nabiye Rahmat’. Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri’s (d. 2006 Eng) Arabic book ‘R Rahikul Makhtum’ won the first place out of 117 manuscripts in the first open Sirat book competition organized by Alam Al Islami in Rabita in 1989. It can be said to be an extract from the vast collection of Sirat. The Egyptian thinker Muhammad al-Ghazali (d. 1997) wrote a treatise on Sirat, Fiqhus Sirah. There is also an essay of the same name by the Syrian Shaykh Ramadan al-Butir (d. 1997). In addition, Sayyid Solaiman Nadvir’s ‘As-Siratun Nawabiya’, written in Arabic,

Two of the most famous non-Muslim works in Urdu are ‘Rasool Arabi’ by Guru Dutt Singh Dara (GS Dara), editor of India, which was translated into Bengali by Abu Taher Mechbah under the title ‘I Love You O Prophet’.

In Urdu, there are ‘Rasul Rahmat’ by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and ‘Siratun Nabi’ by Shibli Numani. Martin Ling’s ‘Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources’, Jamal Badabir’s ‘Muhammad A Blessing For Mankind’, Wahiduddin Khan’s ‘Prophet of Revolution’, Hossain Haykal’s ‘Muhammad Rasulallah’, Muhammad Hamidullah’s ‘Muhammad Rasulullah’: A concise survey of the life and work of the founder of Islam ‘, Sayyed Hossain Nasser’s’ Muhammad, Man of God’, Adil Salahir’s’ Muhammad: man and prophet, a complete study of the life of the Prophet of Islam ‘, Fetullah Gulen ‘The Messenger of God: Muhammad’ and Tariq Ramadan’s ‘The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad’ are notable.

Essays of non-Muslims: In the early nineteenth century, the names of several biographies came up in the writings of Orientalists. But in most cases, he has been attacked more than the Prophet (peace be upon him). Philip K. Hittite is a renowned scholar of Arabic language and literature. The fourth chapter of his book ‘Islam and the West’ is titled ‘Islam in Western Literature’. He shows that in 1849, Siur du Ryer published a Persian translation of the Qur’an. He published a short biography of the Prophet (peace be upon him) with the name Alcoran of Mahomet. This Mahomet is a perverted form of Muhammad (pbuh). The Oxford Dictionary finds 41 variants of the same name. Then, in 1838, Voltaire wrote a five-act farce called Mahomet; The full title is: Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophete (Dharmandhata or Mahomet Nabi). The character of Mahomet [Muhammad (pbuh)] in the play is fanatical, Who orders the murder of his critics and falls in love with a girl named ‘Palmira’. The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte harshly criticized the play while he was imprisoned in St. Helena. Voltaire changed his mind and said, ‘He [Muhammad (pbuh)] was certainly a very great man and he trained great people. He was a victorious legislator, wise and leader. In the eyes of the common man, he has played the biggest role in the world.

In 1830, the Reverend George Bush AM (1897–1859), an ancestor of US President George W. Bush, wrote “The Life of Mohammed: Founder of the Religion of Islam and of the Empire of the Saracens”. The Kissinger Legacy Reprint was reprinted in 1833 and reprinted in London in 2002. In 1843 the German orientalist Gustaf Weil wrote ‘Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre’, in 1851 the Austrian orientalist Sprenger wrote ‘Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources’, in 1856 the Scottish writer William Moore wrote The Life of Muhammad and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira ‘. However, the famous book ‘The Messenger: The Life of Mohammed’, written by RVC Bodley in 1948, gained much acclaim. References to this book were made by later Sirat writers, including the eminent scholar Ali Nadvi. Such reliable sources are Muhammad at Mecca and Muhammad at Medina by William Montgomery Watt.

Two of the most famous non-Muslim works in Urdu are ‘Rasool Arabi’ by Guru Dutt Singh Dara (GS Dara), editor of India, which was translated into Bengali by Abu Taher Mechbah under the title ‘I Love You O Prophet’. Another is ‘Arab Ka Chand’ written by Swami Laxman Prasad. In the introduction to the book, the author is identified as a young Hindu literary man; Coming out of narrow nationalism, he wrote a biography of the last prophet inspired by truthfulness. He lived in Tohana, Fatehabad district in the Indian state of Haryana. He died in 1939 at the age of 26. The book was later published from Lahore, Pakistan.

Biography written in Bengali:Many of those who wrote biographies of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Bengali were not followers of Islam, yet they were not behind Muslims in offering devotion and love. Although a book entitled ‘Description of Muhammad’ by an author was published from Srirampur Mission Press in 1802, it was full of slander. However, the first person to publish a complete and reliable book in Bengal was the Reverend James Long. He was a Christian in his early life and later became a Muslim. In 185, it was published by Satyarnab Prakashani in Calcutta under the title ‘Biography of Muhammad’. In the same year, Atul Krishnamitra wrote a play called ‘Dharmabir Muhammad’. In 18, Krishna Kumar Mitra’s ‘Muhammad’s Character and a Brief History of the Muslim Religion’ was published by Shyama Press, From Calcutta and Girish Chandra Sen wrote in 3 volumes ‘Biography of the Great Muhammad’. Then in 1904 Rampran Gupta wrote ‘Hazrat Muhammad and Hazrat Abu Bakr’.

In 1942, The University of Chicago Press published Aishah: The Beloved of Mohammed. The author of the book, Nabia Abbott, was an American papiologist and bookworm. She was elected the first female professor at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. His research on the emergence of the Arabic script and the earliest written documents of Islam gained worldwide recognition.

Sheikh Abdur Rahim (1859–1931) wrote the first book on the Prophet in Bengali literature. The name of the book is Hazrat Muhammad. Biography and Religion ‘, a 404 page book was published in 18. The best book published in later times is the book from Calcutta in 1906. ‘Moslem Pataka’ by Syed Abul Hossain, ‘Masum Mostafa (sa)’ by Sheikh Mohammad Jamir Uddin from Calcutta in 1915, ‘Manab Mukut’ by Yaqub Ali Chowdhury from Calcutta in 1922, ‘Nabisrestha’ by Mobinuddin Ahmad Jahangir in 1925. , ‘Maru Bhaskar’ by Mohammad Wazed Ali from Calcutta in 1925, ‘Bishwanabi’ by poet Golam Mostafa from Chunchura in 1942, ‘The Last Prophet’ by Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan from Dhaka in 1949, Maulana Abdul Khaleq from Dhaka in 1951. Volume ‘Chaiyedul Murshalin’, ‘Nabi Griha Sangbad’ written by Muhammad Barkatullah from Dhaka in 1970, Shaykhul Hadith Maulana Muhammad Tafazzal Hossain’s ‘Contemporary Environment and Life of Hazrat Muhammad Mustafa (PBUH)’ written in 1986. Apart from this, ‘Mahanabi Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)’ written by poet Al Mahmud, ‘Mahanabi’ written by poet Muhammad Nurul Huda and ‘Bishwanabi Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)’ written by poet Abdul Mannan Syed published in 2002 are recognized as unique biographies. Nasir Helal, a researcher at the Islamic Foundation, mentions a total of 1,026 books written in Bengali from the Middle Ages to 2005. ) ‘Recognized as a unique biography. Nasir Helal, a researcher at the Islamic Foundation, mentions a total of 1,026 books written in Bengali from the Middle Ages to 2005. ) ‘Recognized as a unique biography. Nasir Helal, a researcher at the Islamic Foundation, mentions a total of 1,026 books written in Bengali from the Middle Ages to 2005.

Women’s Sirat Writing : The work of composing the biography of the Prophet (peace be upon him) has been in the hands of men since the beginning of history. However, in modern times, books written by several women have stunned the world. In this case, Karen Armstrong will be on top. He was born in Wildmoor, Worcestershire, England and was a church nun from 1962 to 1969. His book ‘Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet’ was published in 1991 and caused a great stir and was translated into many languages ​​of the world including Bengali. In this book, he mentions the analogy of their society to prove the rationality of the events of the life of Muhammad (pbuh) which were criticized by the West. In 2006, he published another non-fiction book, Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time.

But before that, in 1942, The University of Chicago Press published ‘Aishah: the Beloved of Mohammed’. The author of the book, Nabia Abbott, was an American papiologist and bookworm. She was elected the first female professor at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. His research on the emergence of the Arabic script and the earliest written documents of Islam gained worldwide recognition. Although it is based on Ayesha, the wife of Muhammad (peace be upon him), it is basically a book of Sirat, so that the history of Islam from before the Hijrah to the death of Ayesha (peace be upon her) is well illustrated. In 1975, the University of North Carolina Press published a 36-page book by the influential German orientalist Annemarie Schmidt. Title ‘And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety ‘. The author was a long-time professor at Harvard University. In 2013, The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad by British author Leslie Hazleton (born 1945) was selected by the New York Times Editors and became popular. In 2016, French author Hela Wardi wrote the book ‘Les Derniers Jours De Muhammad’ about the last days of the Prophet’s life, which has already been translated into Arabic under the title ‘Muhammad fi Ayamil Akhirah’.

Sara Taifur (b. 1893) was the first woman to write a biography in Bengali. His book ‘Jyoti of Heaven’ was published in 1918. However, in 1371, the Bangla Academy published a version. Her full name is Hurayunnisa Sara Khatun. The language of this book written in poetic prose is fluent.

Sara Taifur (b. 1893) was the first woman to write a biography in Bengali. His book ‘Jyoti of Heaven’ was published in 1918. However, in 1371, the Bangla Academy published a version. Her full name is Hurayunnisa Sara Khatun. The language of this book written in poetic prose is fluent. The author has written the book with great compassion. It may be mentioned that after the publication of this book, Rabindranath Tagore congratulated the author with a letter. Then Khadija Akhter Rezai wrote ‘She is more beautiful than the moon’. He is famous for translating some ancient and original Sirat books like ‘Ar-Rahikul Makhtum’. In 2009, Masuda Sultana Rumi’s book ‘Ami Baromas Tomay Bhalobasi’ was published by Rimjhim Prakashani in Dhaka. The latest expatriate writer Majida Rifa’s ‘Mahanabi’ was published in 2019 by Rahbar Prakashani, From Dhaka. His book of extraordinary prose is also an important addition to Bengali literature.

The incessant flow of biographies of the Prophet for the last 6,000 years is certainly not to be stopped until the great age. The poet has rightly said, the lyricist has extracted all the pearls from all the languages ​​of all the countries of all time, sweetened the sweetness of the mind, and eternity is created if the rate of words, your praise will still not end, O Prophet.

* Author: Researcher on Islam